Meat packaging is an important
topic since bacteria will quickly grow on the surface of the meat products
because the ideal environment of moisture, nutrients and mild acidity are
present. Food poisoning will result from
ingestion of certain bacteria or toxins which are produced by the bacteria.
Cooking will kill
microorganisms and destroy enzymes. On
the other hand, warm ambient temperatures accelerate microbial growth;
conversely low temperatures retard the growth of microorganisms and under deep
freeze conditions all growth is virtually halted. Oxidation is also retarded at low
temperatures but can be easily prevented by using packaging materials with very
low oxygen permeability.
Fresh meat can be mixed with
spices, herbs, vegetables, salt, vinegar, fat to produce products such as pork
sausages, beef sausages, minced meat, meat patties, boerewors and the
like. These products are fresh by
definition in that they have not been subjected to a cooking process.
Displayed at chilled conditions,
2 to 8°C , an oxygen
permeable wrapping of medium moisture vapor impermeability is required. A balance of properties to retain color and
minimize drying out (which results in darkening and mass loss) is best achieved
with LLDPE or 19 mm plasticized thin PVC over a foam polystyrene tray. Shelf life will not exceed four days before
discoloration and souring of the meat become evident.
Table 1: Typical oxygen and
moisture permeability figures of wrapping materials described.
Material
|
Trade name
|
Oxygen
(cm3/m2/24 hrs/atm at 23°C 50 % RH)
|
Moisture
(g/m2/24 hrs/atm at 25°C 75 % RH)
|
20 µm LLDPE
|
Liner low polyethene
|
4-5000
|
20-30
|
19 µm PVC
|
Resinite
|
4 200
|
200-250
|
50 µm LDPE
|
Polythene
|
4 200
|
5-6
|
Processed meats normally have
much longer shelf lives and can be eaten without further cooking. These products, however, rely on
refrigeration to extend their shelf life, in conjunction with packaging
material that will prevent oxygen ingress and drying out.
Always stored at chill
temperatures, a normally evacuated pack has main functions of maintaining
product mass and color, holding vacuum, keeping clean and identifying the
product.
Table 2: Processed meat
packaging examples
Sliced bacon (pouch)
|
Nylon/PE
|
Sliced meats
|
Coated polyester/PE coated
PP/PE
|
Viennas, Russian (pouch/bag)
|
Coated nylon /PE shrink bag of PVDC
|
Sliced bacon/meats
|
Reels – lidding: coated polyester/PE or coated polyester/ionomer
(total seal)
Reels – base: cast nylon/PE or cast nylon/ionomer (total seal)
|
Vacuum
Packaging
Vacuum packaging involves
enclosing large joints in flexible plastic containers (usually bags) to prevent
moisture loss and exclude oxygen from the meat’s surface. Packing under a vacuum reduces the volume of
air sealed in the meat.
Reported O2 permeabilities
of packaging films are usually measured at ambient temperatures and moderate
humidities (typically 23°C 75% RH), but both
temperature and humidity can affect the rates at which gases are transmitted
through films. Data on the O2
permeabilities of packaging films at chill temperatures are sparse, and those
that do exist often do not include a complete specification of the film under
test or the test conditions. This is
further complicated by the test methods and units used. The O2 permeabilities at subzero
temperatures of two plastic films used for the vacuum packaging of meat have
been reported. One film was a PA-LDPE
laminate, while the other was an EVA copolymer-PVDC copolymer laminate. Their OTRs at -1°C were reported as 2.0 and 0.6
ml/m2/24 hrs/atm, respectively, approximately 1/50 of the values
obtained at 23°C 90 % RH.
Three basic methods are
available fro vacuum packaging meats, which are now discussed in turn.
1. Shrink bag
The system involves placing
the meat into a heat shrinkable barrier bag (typically triple layer coextruded
film constructed from EVA copolymer-PVDC copolymer-EVA copolymer, but sometimes
PA is used the barrier layer with an ionomer as the inner or outer layer). The bag is then evacuated prior to
sealing. In the past, this was achieved
by applying a metal clip around the twisted neck of the bag, but today, heated
jaws are used. The bag is then heat
shrunk by placing in water at 90°C. After shrinking, the bag conforms closely to
the meat and produces a tight vacuum pack.
Very high vacuum levels are achieved on rotary single-chamber machines,
which also heat seal shrink bags, and owing to their improved productivity and
versatility, these machines have become the industry standard.
2. Nonshrink bag
In this technique, meat is placed
into e preformed plastic bag, which is then put in an enclosed chamber that is
evacuated. When a predetermined low
pressure has been reached, heated jaws close and weld the mouth of the bag. Typical bag constructions consist of
laminates or coextrusions, which include PET as the outside layer to provide
strength, PA as the middle layer to provide a good O2 barrier, and
inner layers of LDPE, ionomer or EVA copolymer, which are good moisture
barriers and can be easily heat sealed.
A typical structure would be ionomer – PA – EVA copolymer.
3. Thermoforming
In this method, deep trays are
thermoformed in-line from a base web of plastic. Meat is placed in the trays and an upper web
of plastic is heat sealed under vacuum to form a lid. Generally, the materials used for
thermoforming laminates of PA, PET or PVC, sometimes with a PVDC copolymer
coating and heat sealing layers such as LDPE, EVA copolymer or ionomer.
Modified
Atmosphere Packaging
As an alternative to vacuum
packaging, attempts have been made to store meat under various gaseous
atmospheres, a process referred to as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The strain on the packaging material can be
alleviated by introducing another gas or mixture of gases after evacuation and
before sealing. Typical polymers used
for the packaging of chilled meat (both vacuum and MAP) are presented in Table
3.
Table
3:
Typical materials used for packaging chilled meat
Pack
type
|
Bottom
web materials
|
Top
web materials
(where
applicable)
|
Flexible vacuum pack
|
PA – LDPE, coextruded as 5 layer film
|
|
PA – LDPE
|
OPA – LDPE
|
|
PA – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
PA – EVOH – PA – LDPE
|
PET – PVDC – LDPE
|
|
PP – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
LDPE – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
Rigid vacuum pack
|
APET
|
OPA – LDPE
|
PVC or PVC – LDPE
|
PET – PVDC - LDPE
|
|
PS – EVOH – LDPE
|
OPA – LDPE – EVOH – LDPE
|
|
PET – LDPE – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
Rigid MAP pack
|
PVC
|
OPA – LDPE
|
PVC – LDPE or PVC – EVOH – LDPE
|
PET – PVDC – LDPE
|
|
APET
|
OPA – LDPE – EVOH – LDPE
|
|
APET – LDPE or APET – EVOH – LDPE
|
PET – PVDC – LDPE
|
|
PS – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
Skin pack
|
PVC – LDPE
|
Several combinations of up to seven or more alyers but incorporating
EVOH as gas barrier
|
PS – EVOH – LDPE
|
||
APET
|
||
APET – LDPE
|
Please read the article on Polyamide, EVOH and PVDC on this blog for detailed information about those materials.